What is tachycardia?

Tachycardia means a fast heart rate. The normal adult heart rate, or pulse, ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute. A heart rate that continues to beat above 100 beats per minute is called tachycardia.

Tachycardia can occur naturally, for example, when you are exercising. It can also be caused by serious, life-threatening heart problems.

Tachycardia can be harmful in three ways. Firstly, if the heart is pumping too fast for an extended period of time it will change the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the hemoglobin in the blood; this is normal during exercise but when resting this is quite dangerous. Second, when the heart beats too rapidly, it may pump blood less efficiently. Thirdly, the faster the heart beats, the more oxygen and nutrients the heart requires. This may leave patients feeling out of breath or cause angina. This can be especially problematic for patients suffering from ischemic heart disease.

How does it occur?

Your heart rate normally increases in several situations, such as when you:

* Exercise
* Have a fever
* Are anxious or excited

Hyperthyroidism (too much thyroid hormone in your body) can cause a fast heartbeat. Problems with the heart that can also cause tachycardia are:

* Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT) and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT): These forms of tachycardia are disturbances in the natural electrical impulse that causes your heart to pump. The problem occurs above the ventricles (the lower chambers of your heart). If you have PAT or SVT, it does not necessarily mean that you have a serious heart problem.
* Atrial fibrillation: This is an abnormal rhythm pattern where the right and left atria (upper heart chambers) are contracting irregularly and making the heart beat faster.
* Ventricular tachycardia: This is a less common, but more dangerous kind of tachycardia. The heart beats in a regular rhythm but very fast. This abnormality is caused by heart disease. In a few cases it can be due to medication you are taking, such as digitalis or quinidine. The problem starts in your ventricles (lower heart chambers). The most serious aspect of ventricular tachycardia is that it can become ventricular fibrillation.
* Ventricular fibrillation: This is the most serious type of tachycardia. Your heart beats in an irregular rhythm and very fast. Your ventricles contract (squeeze) chaotically, which prevents the heart from pumping. When this happens, blood circulation stops. Sometimes the episodes are brief and suddenly go away. Most often, however, ventricular fibrillation requires immediate medical treatment to prevent brain damage or death.
* Mitral valve prolapse: This mild deformity of one of the valves in your heart can cause a fast heart rate.

What are the symptoms?

The main symptom is the sensation of a fast heartbeat. Other symptoms of tachycardia that may require medical treatment are:

* Lightheadedness or fainting
* Nausea
* Cold sweat
* Shortness of breath
* Chest pain

These symptoms may be caused by any type of tachycardia, mild to severe. The more serious the tachycardia is, the more severe the symptoms are. Contact your health care provider if you are having any of these other symptoms in addition to the fast heartbeat.

How is it diagnosed?

Your health care provider will study your medical history and examine your heart and lungs. Blood tests may be done to check for underlying metabolic diseases, such as thyroid disease. A chest x-ray and electrocardiogram (ECG) will be done. An ECG measures the electrical activity of your heart and displays the measurements on a screen or paper. Usually a rhythm strip is done; this is a continuous ECG for 1 to 2 minutes to look for heart rhythm abnormalities.

Your health care provider may want you to wear a Holter monitor for 24 to 72 hours. The Holter monitor is a portable ECG used to detect heart rhythm disturbances. If your tachycardia seems related to exercise, you may need to have an ECG while exercising on a treadmill.

How is it treated?

The treatment depends on which type of tachycardia you have. Treatment may range from exercise conditioning to control of anxiety symptoms. It may include medication.

Electrical shock may be necessary with atrial fibrillation, and especially with ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. Implanted electroshock units are now being used for some people with a high risk of having ventricular fibrillation. In cases of life-threatening heart rhythm problems, these units could provide instant, life-saving electrical shock before medical help arrives.

What can I do to help prevent tachycardia?

The best prevention is to have a heart-healthy lifestyle:

* Maintain a healthy weight.
* Eat a healthy diet.
* Get regular exercise, as recommended by your health care provider.
* Don’t smoke.
* Seldom use other stimulants, for example, caffeine.
* Have regular medical check-ups after age 40.

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